Impact of violent non-state actors on international security: the convergence between terrorism and organized crime

Abstract

This article examines the role of Violent Non-State Actors (VNSAs) in contemporary international security, highlighting their impact on state stability and the global order. It explores the dynamics of these actors within the context of globalisation, technological revolution, and state fragility. Through a theoretical and empirical review, it updates the debates on the relationship between terrorism and organised crime, addressing the challenges they pose to global governance and security strategies. Finally, the article underscores the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding and countering the threats posed by these actors.