Self-defense and nuclear threat (on Israel’s “operation Rising Lion” against Iran

Abstract

srael launched Operation Rising Lion on June 13, 2025, attacking several Iranian nuclear facilities, and justifying its actions in the existence of an imminent nuclear threat. The United States also intervened in support of Israel, invoking collective selfdefense. This article examines the legality of these actions, from the perspective of the use of force, and assessing whether the requirements of self-defense were met. In particular, it analyzes the criterion of imminence to determine whether, in light of current State practice, it could be interpreted more flexibly in the case of a nuclear threat. It also considers whether, as Israel maintained, there already existed an ongoing conflict between the two States that would require shifting the legal framework to jus in bello. Finally, it addresses the collateral consequences of the confrontation, especially its impact on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the reimposition of international sanctions.